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Categorie archief: Frankrijk
Fort Necessity, July 3rd 1754
vandaag 262 jaar geleden viel Fort Necessity in handen van de Fransen
in de aanloop naar de Zevenjarige Oorlog (1756-1763)
in de aanloop naar de Zevenjarige Oorlog (1756-1763)
By 11:00 am on the 3rd of July 1754, Louis Coulon de Villiers came within sight of Fort Necessity. At this time, the Virginians were digging a trench in the mud. The pickets fired their muskets and fell back to the fort, whereupon three columns of Canadian soldiers and Indians advanced downhill towards the fort. However, Coulon had miscalculated the location of the fort and had advanced with the fort at his right. As Coulon halted and then redeployed his troops, Washington began to prepare for an attack.
Coulon moved his troops into the woods, within easy musket range of the fort. Washington knew he had to dislodge the Canadians and Indians from that position, so he ordered an assault with his entire force across the open field. Seeing the assault coming, Coulon ordered his soldiers, led by Indians, to charge directly at Washington‘s line. Washington ordered the men to hold their ground and fire a volley. Mackay’s regulars obeyed Washington’s command, and supported by two swivel cannons, they inflicted several casualties on the oncoming Indians. The Virginians, however, fled back to the fort, leaving Washington and the British regulars greatly outnumbered. Washington ordered a retreat back to the fort.
Coulon moved his troops into the woods, within easy musket range of the fort. Washington knew he had to dislodge the Canadians and Indians from that position, so he ordered an assault with his entire force across the open field. Seeing the assault coming, Coulon ordered his soldiers, led by Indians, to charge directly at Washington‘s line. Washington ordered the men to hold their ground and fire a volley. Mackay’s regulars obeyed Washington’s command, and supported by two swivel cannons, they inflicted several casualties on the oncoming Indians. The Virginians, however, fled back to the fort, leaving Washington and the British regulars greatly outnumbered. Washington ordered a retreat back to the fort.
Fort Necessity – The War that Made America
Coulon reformed his troops in the woods. The Canadians spread out around the clearing and kept up heavy fire on Fort Necessity. Washington ordered his troops to return fire, but they aimed too high, inflicting few casualties, and the swivel cannon fared no better. To add to the garrison’s troubles, heavy rain began to fall that afternoon, and Washington’s troops were unable to continue the firefight because their gunpowder was wet.
Louis Coulon de Villiers, who did not know when British reinforcements might arrive, sent an officer under a white flag to negotiate. Washington did not allow the Canadian officer into or near the fort, but sent two of his own men, including his translator Jacob Van Braam, to negotiate. As negotiations began, the Virginians, against Washington’s orders, broke into the fort’s liquor supply and got drunk.Coulon told Van Braam that all he wanted was the surrender of the garrison, and the Virginians could go back to Virginia. He warned, however, that if they did not surrender now, the Indians might storm the fort and scalp the entire garrison.
Van Braam brought this message to Washington, who agreed to these basic terms. One of Louis Coulon de Villiers’ aides then wrote down Coulon’s surrender terms and then gave them to Van Braam, who in turn gave them to Washington. Washington, who could not read French, had Van Braam translate it for him, and in the document it said that Jumonville had been “assassinated”. However, Van Braam may have skipped over this word; otherwise Washington would have likely sent it back to Coulon and asked that the word be removed. Both Washington and Mackay signed the surrender document.
Bron: en.wikipedia.org
Louis Coulon de Villiers, who did not know when British reinforcements might arrive, sent an officer under a white flag to negotiate. Washington did not allow the Canadian officer into or near the fort, but sent two of his own men, including his translator Jacob Van Braam, to negotiate. As negotiations began, the Virginians, against Washington’s orders, broke into the fort’s liquor supply and got drunk.Coulon told Van Braam that all he wanted was the surrender of the garrison, and the Virginians could go back to Virginia. He warned, however, that if they did not surrender now, the Indians might storm the fort and scalp the entire garrison.
Van Braam brought this message to Washington, who agreed to these basic terms. One of Louis Coulon de Villiers’ aides then wrote down Coulon’s surrender terms and then gave them to Van Braam, who in turn gave them to Washington. Washington, who could not read French, had Van Braam translate it for him, and in the document it said that Jumonville had been “assassinated”. However, Van Braam may have skipped over this word; otherwise Washington would have likely sent it back to Coulon and asked that the word be removed. Both Washington and Mackay signed the surrender document.
Bron: en.wikipedia.org
Der Untergang, 1789
gezien op NPO2: Les adieux á la reine (2012)
Dit Franse kostuumdrama uit 2012 is een beetje de Franse variant van Der Untergang. Versailles, 14 juli 1989. Het gepeupel heeft de Bastille bestormd en de eerste berichten van onthoofdingen bereiken het hof. In de gangen van het immense Versailles wordt nerveus heen en weer gelopen. De spanning slaat een paar dagen later om in paniek. Net als in Der Untergang wordt alles geregistreerd door de ogen van een jonge vrouw. Agathe-Sidonie Laborde (een mooie rol van Léa Seydoux) is de voorleesdame van Marie-Antoinette. Ze houdt van haar koningin en is als geboren hoveling volledig devoot. Als ze op bevel van de koningin naar Zwitserland moet vluchten samen met de hertogin van Polignac kan ze niet anders dan gehoorzamen.
Les adieux á la reine is de verfilming van de gelijknamige roman van Chantal Thomas. Anders dan het script van Der Untergang, dat helemaal gebaseerd is op de ooggetuigenverslagen van Joachim Fest, is Les adieux á la reine fictie. In tegenstelling tot Traudl Junge, de ik-figuur in Der Untergang, heeft Agathe-Sidonie Laborde nooit bestaan. De liefde tussen Marie-Antoinette en de hertogin van Polignac is echter geen fictie. Maar in de pornografische libelles werd er zo wild rond de relatie tussen deze twee vrouwen gespeculeerd, dat we werkelijkheid en fictie nooit meer van elkaar zullen kunnen scheiden.
